山海經·中山經 Classic of the Central Mountains

The first peak of the Mount Bo range in the Central Mountains is called Mount Ganzao. The Gong River rises here and flows west into the Yellow River. On top are many niu trees. Below is a plant with a mallow root and apricot-like leaves, yellow flowers and seed pods, called tuo; it cures blurred vision. There is a beast here shaped like a bamboo rat with a patterned forehead, called the tuo; eating it cures goiters.

Twenty li further east is Mount Li'er. On top are many jiang and li trees; this tree has a square stem and round leaves, yellow flowers and hair, with fruit like a jian plum; eating it relieves depression. On its north side is much fine jade, on its south side much iron.

Fifteen li further east is Mount Quzhu. On top are many bamboos. The Quzhu River rises here and flows south into the Yellow River; in it are many hao fish, shaped like sturgeon with red beaks and red fin-tails; eating them cures ringworm.

Thirty-five li further east is Mount Conglong, with many great valleys and much white clay, black clay, blue clay and yellow clay.

Fifteen li further east is Mount Wo. On top is much red copper, on its north side much iron.

Seventy li further east is Mount Tuohu. There is a plant here with leaves like mallow, red flowers and seed pods like palm pods, called zhichu; eating it cures melancholy.

Twenty li further east is Mount Jinxing, with many tianying plants, shaped like dragon bones; they cure boils.

Seventy li further east is Mount Taiwei, in which is a valley called Xiao Valley; in it is much iron.

Fifteen li further east is Mount Jianggu, in which is much red copper.

One hundred and twenty li further east is Mount Wulin, in which is much jian grass.

Thirty li to the north is Mount Niushou. There is a plant here called the ghost herb, with mallow-like leaves, a red stem and grain-like heads; wearing it relieves sorrow. The Lao River rises here and flows west into the Yellow River; in it are many flying fish, shaped like minnows with voices like sounding-stones; wearing them repels stupidity.

Forty li further north is Mount Huo, its trees mostly paper mulberries. There is a beast here shaped like a wildcat with a white tail and a mane, called the feifei; keeping it relieves melancholy.

Fifty-two li further north is Mount Hegu, with many thorns and brambles.

Thirty-five li further north is Mount Yin, with many whetstones and patterned stones. The Shao River rises here; in it are many diaotang trees with square elm-like leaves and red pea-like fruit; eating them cures deafness.

Four hundred li to the northeast is Mount Gudeng, with much red copper. There is a plant here called rongcao, with leaves like willow and roots like chicken eggs; eating it cures wind disorders.

In all, the first range of Mount Bo, from Mount Ganzao to Mount Gudeng, has fifteen mountains and runs 6,670 li. Mount Li'er is the master peak; its sacrifice uses whole-coloured victims with a tailao offering, girdled with auspicious jade. For the other thirteen mountains, one sheep is offered, girdled with patterned gui sceptres, buried without grain offerings. A patterned gui is patterned jade, square at the base and sharp at the top, pierced through the centre and adorned with gold.

The first peak of the second range of the Central Mountains, the Ji range, is called Mount Huizhu. On top are many mulberries; its beasts are mostly donkeys and elaphures, its birds mostly crossoptilon pheasants.

Two hundred li to the southwest is Mount Fashi. On top is much metal and jade, below many whetstones. The Jiyu River rises here and flows west into the Yi River.

Three hundred li further west is Mount Hao. On top is much metal and jade, with no plants or trees.

Three hundred li further west is Mount Xian, with much metal and jade and no plants or trees. The Xian River rises here and flows north into the Yi River; in it are many calling snakes, shaped like snakes with four wings and voices like sounding-stones; when they appear, severe drought strikes the town.

Three hundred li further west is Mount Yang, with many stones and no plants or trees. The Yang River rises here and flows north into the Yi River; in it are many huashe snakes, shaped with human faces and jackal bodies, bird wings and snake-like locomotion, with voices like loud shouting; when they appear, great floods strike the town.

Two hundred li further west is Mount Kunwu. On top is much red copper. There is a beast here shaped like a boar with horns, whose voice is like howling, called the longzhi; eating it prevents nightmares.

One hundred and twenty li further west is Mount Jian. The Jian River rises here and flows north into the Yi River; on top is much metal and jade, below much dark realgar. There is a tree here shaped like a crabapple with red leaves, called mangcao, which can poison fish.

One hundred and fifty li further west is Mount Dusu, with no plants or trees and much water.

One hundred and twenty li further west is Mount Manqu. On top is much metal and jade, below many arrow bamboos. The Yi River rises here and flows east into the Luo. There is a beast here shaped like a monkey with an eagle's beak, bird's eyes and yellow tail, called the manman; it cries its own name.

In all, the second range of the Central Mountains, from Mount Huizhu to Mount Manqu, has nine mountains and runs 1,670 li. Their gods all have human faces and bird bodies. In their sacrifice, one auspicious jade stone is cast in without grain offerings.

The first peak of the third range of the Central Mountains, the Fu range, is called Mount Ao'an. On its south side is much tufu jade, on its north side much red ochre and yellow gold. The god Xunchi dwells here; fine jade constantly emerges from this mountain. Looking north to the river forests, they appear lush and towering. There is a beast here shaped like a white deer with four horns, called the fuzhu; when it appears, great floods strike the town.

Ten li further east is Mount Qingyao, truly the Sovereign's secluded capital. Here are many jia birds. Looking south toward Shanzhu, where Yu's father was transformed, here are many snails and cattails. On its south side is much fine jade, on its north side much iron. There is a bird here shaped like a duck with a green body, red eyes and a red tail, called the mi; keeping it brings many sons. There is a deity here with a human face and leopard markings, a slender waist and white teeth, wearing ears pierced with jade rings and sounding like sounding-stones, called the Lady of Wu; her comings and goings stir up wind and rain.

Ten li further east is Mount Gui. On top are fine dates, on its north side tufu jade. The Zhenghui River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River; in it are many flying fish, shaped like minnows with voices like sounding-stones; wearing them keeps you from folly.

Forty li further east is Mount Yisu. On top is much metal and jade, below many manju trees. The Yongyong River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River; in it are many yellow shells.

Twenty li further east is Mount He, with no plants or trees and much fine jade and jasper; it is truly the Nine Capitals of the Yellow River. This mountain has five bends and nine streams of water.

In all, the third range of Mount Fu, from Mount Ao'an to Mount He, has five mountains and runs 440 li. In their sacrifice: Taifeng, Xunchi and the Lady of Wu are sacrificed to using auspicious jade and a sheep, buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the fourth range of the Central Mountains, the Li range, is called Mount Luti. On top is much jade, below much gold. The Gan River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River.

Fifty li to the west is Mount Fuzhu. On top is much ruan stone. There is a beast here shaped like a raccoon dog with human eyes, called the chan. The Guo River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River.

One hundred and twenty li further west is Mount Li. On its south side is much jade, on its north side much madder. There is a beast here shaped like an ox with a blue-grey body, whose voice sounds like a crying infant; it eats people.

Two hundred li further west is Mount Jiwei, with many paper mulberries and tushi stones; on top is much tufu jade.

Two hundred and fifty li further west is Mount Bing. On top is much jade, below much copper. The Taodiao River rises here and flows north into the Luo.

Two hundred li further west is Mount Baibian. On top is much metal and jade, below much dark realgar.

Two hundred li further west is Mount Xionger (Bear Ear Mountain). On top are many lacquer trees, below many palms. The Fuhao River rises here and flows west into the Luo.

Three hundred li further west is Mount Mu. On top are many patterned stones, below many arrow bamboos; its beasts are mostly zha cattle and xian sheep, its birds mostly red pheasants.

Three hundred and fifty li further west is Mount Huanju. The Luo River rises here and flows northeast into the Xuanhu River; in it are many machang fish.

In all, the fourth range of Mount Li, from Mount Luti to Mount Xuanhu, has nine mountains and runs 1,670 li. Their gods all have human faces and beast bodies. In their sacrifice, one rooster is offered in prayer, cast in without grain offerings.

The first peak of the fifth range of the Central Mountains, the Bo range, is called Mount Gouzhuang, with no plants or trees and many strange stones.

Three hundred li to the east is Mount Shou. On its north side are many paper mulberries and oaks, its herbs mostly qi and yuan; on its south side is much tufu jade, its trees mostly sophora. On its north side is a spring, cold in summer and warm in winter.

Three hundred li further east is Mount Xianzhu, with no plants or trees and many patterned stones.

Three hundred li further east is Mount Conglong, with no plants or trees and many yu stones.

Five hundred li to the northeast is Mount Tiaogu; its trees are mostly sophora and tung trees, its herbs mostly peonies and asparagus.

Ten li further north is Mount Chao. On its north side is much pale-green jade; on its south side is a well, having water in winter and drying up in summer.

Five hundred li further east is Mount Chenghou. On top are many chun trees, its herbs mostly peng.

Five hundred li further east is Mount Chaoge, its valleys rich in fine white clay.

Five hundred li further east is Mount Huai, its valleys rich in gold and tin.

Ten li further east is Mount Li. Its trees are mostly sophora, on its south side is much jade.

Ten li further east is Mount Shi, with much pale-green jade; its beasts are mostly roe deer. The Shi River rises here and flows south into the Luo; in it is much fine jade.

Ten li further east is Mount Liangyu. On top are many paper mulberries and oaks, with no stone. The Yu River rises on its north side and flows north into the Yellow River; the Ru River rises on its south side and flows south into the Luo.

Ten li to the southeast is Mount Guwei, with many whetstones and red copper. The Longyu River rises here and flows southeast into the Luo.

Twenty li to the northeast is Mount Sheng. Its trees are mostly paper mulberries, oaks and brambles, its herbs mostly yuhui and koutuo. The Huangsuan River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River.

Twenty li further east is Mount Yangxu, rich in gold, overlooking the Xuanhu River.

In all, the fifth range of Mount Bo, from Mount Goulin to Mount Yangxu, has sixteen mountains and runs 2,982 li. Mount Sheng is the master peak; its sacrifice uses whole-coloured victims with a tailao offering, girdled with auspicious jade. For the other fifteen mountains, one sheep is offered with patterned gui sceptres, buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the sixth range of the Central Mountains, the Gaodi range, is called Mount Pingfeng. Looking south toward the Yi and Luo rivers, and east toward Mount Gucheng, it has no plants or trees and no water, but much lead.

Ten li to the west is Mount Gaodi, with no plants or trees and much metal and jade.

Ten li further west is Mount Gui. On its north side is much tufu jade. On its north side is a valley called Guan Valley, its trees mostly willows and paper mulberries. In it are many hu fish, shaped like chickens with red feathers and voices like sounding-stones; eating them cures melancholy.

Thirty li further west is Mount Zhanzhu. On its south side is much gold. The Xie River rises here and flows southeast into the Luo; the Shao River rises on its north side and flows north into the Yellow River.

Thirty li further west is Mount Louzhu, with no plants or trees and much metal and jade. The Zhan River rises on its south side and flows east into the Luo; the Bei River rises on its north side and flows north into the Yellow River.

Forty li further west is Mount Baishi (White Stone Mountain). The Hui River rises on its south side and flows south into the Luo; in it is much rock crystal. The Jian River rises on its north side and flows north into the Yellow River.

Fifty li further west is Mount Gu. On top are many paper mulberries, below many mulberries. The Shuang River rises here and flows northwest into the Gu River; in it are many fine whetstones.

Seventy-two li further west is Mount Mi. On its south side is much jade, on its north side much iron. The Hao River rises here and flows south into the Luo; in it are many white jade stones.

One hundred li further west is Mount Changshi (Long Stone Mountain), with no plants or trees and much jade. To its west is a valley called Gong Valley, with much bamboo. The Gong River rises here and flows south into the Luo; in it is much yellow gold.

One hundred and forty li further west is Mount Fu, with no plants or trees and much fine jade and jasper. The Yanran River rises on its south side and flows south into the Luo; the Sheng River rises on its north side and flows north into the Yellow River.

Fifty li further west is Mount Tuo. Its trees are mostly ailanthus and zhi trees, on its south side is much metal and jade, on its north side much iron and xiao wormwood. The Tuo River rises here and flows south into the Luo.

Ninety li further west is Mount Changzheng, with no plants or trees and much clay. The Jiao River rises here and flows northeast into the Yellow River; in it is much fine clay.

Ninety li further west is Mount Kuafu. Its trees are mostly palms, nan and arrow bamboos; its beasts are mostly zha cattle and xian sheep, its birds mostly red pheasants; on its south side is much jade, on its north side much iron. To its north is a forest called the Peach Forest, three hundred li across, with many horses. The Hu River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River; in it is much tufu jade.

Ninety li further west is Mount Yanghua. On its south side is much metal and jade, on its north side much dark realgar; its herbs are mostly yams and bitter-pungent herbs. The Yang River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River.

In all, the sixth range of Mount Gaodi, from Mount Pingfeng to Mount Yanghua, has fourteen mountains and runs 790 li. Mount Yue is in their midst; its sacrifice uses whole-coloured victims, tailao, with white mats and wine. For the other thirteen mountains, one sheep is offered with auspicious jade, buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the seventh range of the Central Mountains, the Ku range, is called Mount Xiuyu. On it are stones called Emperor Tai's Chess Pieces, with five-coloured patterns; wearing them protects against delusion. There is a tree here with leaves like paper mulberry and red grain, tasting like malt sugar; eating it keeps you from hunger and relieves weariness, called the baigao; it can dye jade red.

Three hundred li to the east is Mount Guzhong, where Emperor Tai feasted the hundred gods. There is a plant here with square stems and yellow flowers, round leaves and threefold fruit; eating it enhances intelligence.

Two hundred li further east is Mount Guyao, where the Sovereign's daughter died, named Nüshi; she transformed into the yao plant, with layered leaves, yellow flowers and fruit like dodder; whoever eats it becomes beloved by others.

Twenty li further east is Mount Ku. There is a beast here called the shanggao, shaped like a piglet, red like cinnabar fire, prone to swearing. On top are many white stones, below much yellow clay. There is a tree here shaped like a jujube with white flowers and red fruit; eating it cures melancholy.

Twenty-seven li further east is Mount Du, where the god Tianyu dwells; here are many strange winds and rains. On top is a tree called tianpian, with square stems and red flowers; eating it cures forgetfulness.

Fifty-two li further east is Mount Fanggao. The Ming River rises here and flows south into the Yi; in it is much pale-green jade. There is a tree here shaped like an elm with square stems; eating it relieves weariness.

Fifty-seven li further east is Mount Dayu, with much tufu jade and mi jade. There is a plant here whose leaves resemble elm with square stems, called the gui plant; eating it cures deafness.

Seventy li further east is Mount Banshi. On top is a plant that flowers upon growing, over a zhang high, with red leaves and yellow flowers that bear no fruit, called the jia plant; eating it prevents heart pain.

Fifty li further east is Mount Shaoshi, where the hundred plants and trees grow like granaries. On top is a tree called dixxiu, with leaves shaped like poplar, yellow flowers and black fruit; eating it relieves anger.

Thirty li further east is Mount Taishi. On top is a tree with leaves like pear and red grain, called the you tree; wearing it prevents jealousy.

Thirty li to the north is Mount Jiang. On top is much jade, many wild mulberries and cypresses. There is a tree here called diwu, with leaves like pepper and red fruit; wearing it protects against fear.

Thirty li further north is Mount Yingliang. On top is much pale-green jade, resting on dark stones.

Thirty li further east is Mount Fuxi. There is a tree here with leaves like ailanthus and red fruit, called the kang tree; eating it protects against gu poison. The Fan River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River.

Forty li further east is Mount Shaojing. There is a plant here called the zhi plant, with leaves like mallow, red stems and white flowers, bearing fruit like wild grapes; eating it relieves depression.

Ten li to the southeast is Mount Tai. There is a plant here called the li, with leaves like reed and red flowers; it cures ulcers. The Tai River rises here and flows north into the Yi.

Twenty li further east is Mount Mo. On top is much red gold. The Mo River rises here and flows north into the Yi.

Twenty-five li further east is Mount Yi. On top is much white gold and iron. The Yi River rises here and flows north into the Yellow River.

Thirty-five li further east is Mount Min. On top is a tree shaped like chaste tree with white flowers and red fruit, called the jibai; wearing it prevents paralysis.

Thirty li further east is Mount Dagui. On its north side is much iron, fine jade and blue clay. There is a plant here shaped like yarrow with hair, blue leaves and yellow flowers, called the chang plant; wearing it prevents delusion.

In all, the seventh range of Mount Ku, from Mount Xiuyu to Mount Dagui, has nineteen mountains and runs 1,184 li. Sixteen of their gods have human bodies and three heads; in their sacrifice, one pig is offered with wine. The other three gods have human bodies and horse heads; in their sacrifice, one ram is offered with millet, without cooking with fire.

The first peak of the eighth range of the Central Mountains, the Jing range, is called Mount Jing. On top is much metal and jade, its trees mostly zhuyu and sandalwood. The Ju River rises here and flows southeast into the Jiang.

One hundred li to the northeast is Mount Jing. On its north side is much iron, on its south side much red gold; in it are many yak, leopards and tigers; its trees are mostly pines and cypresses.

One hundred and fifty li further northeast is Mount Jiao. On top is much jade, below much blue pigment; its trees are mostly pines and cypresses, with many taozhi and gouduan bamboos.

One hundred and twenty li further northeast is Mount Nvji. On top is much jade, below much yellow gold; its beasts are mostly leopards, tigers, donkeys, elaphures and roe deer.

Two hundred li further northeast is Mount Yizhu. On top is much metal and jade, below much blue pigment. The Wei River rises here and flows south into the Jiang.

Three hundred and fifty li further northeast is Mount Lun. Its trees are mostly catalpa, nan and taozhi, with many chestnuts, citrus and pomelos; its beasts are mostly donkeys, elaphures and antelopes.

Two hundred li further east is Mount Lugui. On top is much tufu jade, below much clay; its trees are mostly niu and jiang.

One hundred and thirty li further east is Mount Guang. On top is much jasper, below many trees. The god Jimeng dwells here, shaped with a human body and a dragon head, often roving in the abysses of the Zhang; his comings and goings bring storms.

One hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Qi. On its south side is much red gold, on its north side much white min stone; on top is much metal and jade, below much blue pigment.

One hundred and thirty li further east is Mount Tong. On top is much gold, silver and iron; its trees are mostly paper mulberries, oaks, chestnuts, citrus and pomelos; its beasts are mostly leopards.

One hundred li further northeast is Mount Mei; its beasts are mostly wild buffalo, cattle, donkeys, wild boars and deer; on top is much gold, below much blue pigment.

One hundred li further northeast is Mount Dayao. Its trees are mostly pines, cypresses, catalpas, mulberries and ji trees; its plants mostly bamboo; its beasts mostly leopards and tigers.

Three hundred li further northeast is Mount Ling. On top is much metal and jade, below much blue pigment; its trees are mostly peaches, plums, apricots and plums.

Seventy li further northeast is Mount Long. On top are many parasite plants, much jasper; below is much red tin, and its plants are mostly taozhi and gouduan bamboos.

Fifty li to the southeast is Mount Heng. On top are many parasite plants, paper mulberries and oaks, with much yellow clay and white clay.

Seventy li further southeast is Mount Shi. On top is much metal, below much blue pigment and many parasite plants.

One hundred and twenty li further south is Mount Ruo. On top is much tufu jade, much red ochre, much gui stone, many parasite plants and wild mulberries.

One hundred and twenty li further southeast is Mount Zhi, with many fine stones and wild mulberries.

One hundred and fifty li further southeast is Mount Yu. On top is much metal and jade, below much jasper and iron; its trees are mostly cypresses.

Seventy li further southeast is Mount Huan. Its trees are mostly sandalwood, with many feng stones and much white tin. The Yu River rises on top and runs subterranean below.

One hundred and fifty li further northeast is Mount Renju. Its trees are mostly paper mulberries and oaks; on its south side is much red gold, on its north side much red ochre.

Fifty li further east is Mount Shimei. On its south side are many whetstones, on its north side much blue pigment; its trees are mostly cypresses, sandalwood and wild mulberries.

Two hundred li further southeast is Mount Qingu. Its trees are mostly paper mulberries, oaks, peppers and wild mulberries; on top is much white min stone, below much washing stone; its beasts are mostly tigers and leopards.

In all, the eighth range of Mount Jing, from Mount Jing to Mount Qingu, has twenty-three mountains and runs 2,890 li. Their gods all have bird bodies and human faces. In their sacrifice, one ram is offered with a bi disc, buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the ninth range of the Central Mountains, the Min range, is called Mount Nvji. On top is much alum, its trees mostly niu and jiang, its herbs mostly chrysanthemums and qi.

Three hundred li to the northeast is Mount Min. The Yangtze River rises here and flows northeast into the sea; in it are many fine turtles and alligators. On top is much metal and jade, below much white min stone; its trees are mostly plums and crabapples; its beasts are mostly rhinoceroses, elephants and kui cattle; its birds mostly white and red pheasants.

One hundred and forty li further northeast is Mount Lai. The Jiang River rises here and flows east into the Yangtze. On its south side is much yellow gold, on its north side many elaphures.

One hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Ju. The Jiang River rises here and flows east into the Great River; in it are many strange serpents and zhi fish; its trees are mostly you and niu, plums and catalpas; its beasts are mostly kui cattle, antelopes, rhinoceroses and wild buffalo. There is a bird here shaped like an owl with a red body and white head, called the qiezhi; it repels fire.

Three hundred li further east is Mount Gaoliang. On top is much white clay, below many whetstones; its trees are mostly taozhi and gouduan bamboos. There is a plant here called the rong plant; eating it cures melancholy.

Four hundred li further east is Mount She (Snake Mountain). On top is much yellow gold, below much white clay; its trees are mostly xun and oak; its plants mostly auspicious rong grass.

Five hundred li further east is Mount Ge. On its south side is much gold, on its north side much white min stone. The Puyan River rises here and flows east into the Yangtze; in it are many fine turtles.

Three hundred li further northeast is Mount Yuyang. On top is much metal and jade, below much blue pigment; its trees are mostly catalpa and mulberry, its plants mostly purple herbs.

Two hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Qi. On top is much white gold, below much iron; its trees are mostly plums and catalpas, niu and you trees. The Jian River rises here and flows south into the Jiang.

Three hundred li further east is Mount Gouni. On top is much jade, below much yellow gold; its trees are mostly oaks and wild mulberries, its herbs mostly peonies.

One hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Fengyu (Wind and Rain Mountain). On top is much white gold, below much alum; its trees are mostly ye, shan and poplars.

Two hundred li further northeast is Mount Yu. On its south side is much copper, on its north side much red gold; its trees are mostly camphor, you and niu; its beasts are mostly boars, deer and antelopes.

One hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Xiong (Bear Mountain). There is a cave here called the Bear Cave, from which divine beings constantly emerge; it opens in summer and closes in winter. If it opens in winter, warfare will certainly break out.

One hundred and forty li further east is Mount Gui. On its south side is fine jade and red gold, on its north side iron; its trees are mostly taozhi and thorn brambles.

Two hundred li further east is Mount Ge. On top is much red gold, below many zhan stones; its trees are mostly chestnuts, citrus, pomelos, you and niu; its beasts are mostly leopards and tigers.

One hundred and seventy li further east is Mount Jiachao. On its south side is yellow clay, on its north side fine red ochre; its trees are mostly chestnuts, citrus and pomelos; its beasts are mostly boars and deer.

In all, the ninth range of Mount Min, from Mount Nvji to Mount Jiachao, has sixteen mountains and runs 3,500 li. Their gods all have horse bodies and dragon heads. In their sacrifice, one rooster is offered in prayer, with one bi disc buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the tenth range of the Central Mountains is called Mount Shouyang. On top is much metal and jade, with no plants or trees.

Fifty li to the west is Mount Huwei (Tiger Tail Mountain); its trees are mostly peppers and ju trees, with many feng stones; on its south side is much red gold, on its north side much iron.

Fifty li to the southwest is Mount Fanhui; its trees are mostly you and niu, its plants mostly zhigou.

Twenty li to the southwest is Mount Yongshi, with no plants or trees, much white gold and much water.

Twenty li further west is Mount Fuzhou. Its trees are mostly sandalwood; on its south side is much yellow gold. There is a bird here shaped like an owl with one foot and a pig's tail, called the zhibiao; its cry sounds like shouting; eating it relieves madness.

Thirty li further west is Mount Chu, with many parasite plants, peppers, ju trees, wild mulberries and white clay.

Twenty li further west is Mount Youyuan. On its south side is much blue pigment, on its north side much iron; its birds are mostly mynas.

Fifty li further west is Mount Zhuo. Its trees are mostly paper mulberries, oaks and niu; on its south side is much tufu jade.

Seventy li further west is Mount Bing. Its trees are mostly catalpa, sandalwood, zhi and niu.

In all, the tenth range of Mount Shouyang, from Mount Shou to Mount Bing, has nine mountains and runs 267 li. Their gods all have dragon bodies and human faces. In their sacrifice, one rooster is offered, with a bi disc buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the eleventh range of the Central Mountains, the Jing range, is called Mount Yiwang. The Tuan River rises here and flows east into the Ji; the Kuang River rises here and flows east into the Han.

One hundred and fifty li further northeast is Mount Chaoge. The Wu River rises here and flows southeast into the Rong; in it are many mermaid-fish. On top is much jade, below much iron.

Two hundred li further southeast is Mount Diqun. On its south side is much tufu jade, on its north side much iron. The Diqun River rises on top and flows east into the Jiang.

Fifty li further southeast is Mount Shi. On top are many garlic chives. There is a well here called the Heavenly Well, having water in summer and drying up in winter. On top is much yellow gold, below much broken stone.

Two hundred li further southeast is Mount Qian. Its trees are mostly evergreen oaks and cypresses; on its south side is much gold, on its north side much red ochre.

Three hundred li further southeast is Mount Feng. There is a beast here shaped like an ape with red eyes, a red beak and a yellow body, called the yonghe; when it appears, great panic strikes the state.

Eight hundred li further northeast is Mount Tuchuang. On its south side is much iron; its trees are mostly yams and chestnuts, its plants mostly jigu, whose roots are like chicken eggs and taste sweet; eating them keeps you from hunger.

Sixty li further east is Mount Pi, with much white clay and red ochre; its trees are mostly pines and cypresses.

Sixty li further east is Mount Yaobi. Its trees are mostly catalpas and nan trees; on its north side is much blue pigment, on its south side much white gold. There is a bird here shaped like a pheasant that constantly eats vipers, called the zhen.

Forty li further east is Mount Zhili. The Ji River rises here and flows south into the Han. There is a bird here called the yingshao, shaped like an owl with a red tail; eating it cures epilepsy.

Fifty li further northeast is Mount Zhiqu. On top are many pines, cypresses, ji and huan trees.

One hundred li to the northwest is Mount Jinli. On top are many pines, cypresses and fine catalpas; on its north side is much cinnabar pigment and gold; its beasts are mostly leopards and tigers.

Thirty li to the southeast is Mount Yigu. On top are many niu, jiang and ju trees. There is a beast here shaped like a dog with tiger claws and armour, called the jiao; it repels weapon attacks.

Thirty-five li further southeast is Mount Jigu, rich in fine jade, black leopards, donkeys, elaphures and antelopes. On its south side is much min stone, on its north side much red ochre.

Forty li further southeast is Mount Ji. On top are many fine catalpas and mulberries, its herbs mostly garlic chives.

Fifty li further southeast is Mount Gaoqian. There is water on it, exceedingly cold and clear, being Emperor Tai's broth; whoever drinks it does not suffer from heart pain.

Thirty li further southeast is Mount Youxi, with many niu, jiang and paper mulberries, much jade and many feng stones.

Thirty-five li further southeast is Mount Cong. On top are many pines and cypresses, below many bamboos. The Cong River rises on top and runs subterranean below; in it is much white jade.

Thirty li further southeast is Mount Yingyin. On top are many pines and cypresses, below many catalpas and chun trees.

Thirty li further southeast is Mount Bi. The Diyuan River rises here and flows northeast into the Shi; in it is much rock crystal and many flood-dragons. Its trees are mostly willows, its herbs mostly garlic chives.

Twenty li further southeast is Mount Lema. There is a beast here shaped like a hedgehog, red like cinnabar fire, called the ti; when it appears, great pestilence strikes the state.

Twenty-five li further southeast is Mount Zhen. The Shi River rises here and flows southeast into the Ru River; in it are many mermaid-fish, flood-dragons and fine jade.

Forty li further east is Mount Ying. Below is much blue pigment, on top much metal and jade.

Thirty li further east is Mount Hushou, with many ju, chou and ju trees.

Twenty li further east is Mount Yinghou. On top are many feng stones, below much red tin.

Fifty li further east is Mount Dashu. The Sha River rises here and flows northeast into the Shi River; in it is much white clay.

Forty li further east is Mount Bei. On top are many peaches, plums, ju and catalpas, with many creepers.

Thirty li further east is Mount Yidi. On top is much jade, below much gold. There is a beast here shaped like a bamboo rat with white ears and a white beak, called the tuoxu; keeping it cures forgetfulness.

Thirty li further east is Mount Ni. The Ni River rises on top and runs subterranean below; in it is much fine white clay. On top is much gold, below much blue pigment.

Thirty li further east is Mount Ya. The Li River rises here and flows east into the Shi River; in it are many great fish. On top are many fine mulberries, below much gold and jade.

Fifty-five li further east is Mount Xuan. The Lun River rises here and flows southeast into the Shi River; in it are many flood-dragons. On top are mulberry trees fifty zhang high, with branches growing downward, bearing fruit like quinces, sweet and refreshing; eating them keeps you from hunger.

Forty-five li further east is Mount Heng. On top is much blue pigment and many mulberries; its birds are mostly mynas.

Forty li further east is Mount Feng. On top are many feng stones; its trees are mostly mulberries and yangtao, shaped like peach with square stems; they can be used for medicine.

Seventy li further east is Mount Yu. On top is much fine jade, below much gold; its herbs are mostly jigu.

Thirty li further east is Mount Xian. Its trees are mostly you, niu and ju, its herbs mostly asparagus; on its south side is much gold, on its north side much iron. There is a beast here shaped like a wildcat with a white head, called the tiangou; keeping it repels misfortune.

Thirty li further east is Mount Zhang. On its south side is much gold, on its north side many fine stones. The Gao River rises here and flows east into the Feng River; in it are many fine shells.

Twenty-five li further east is Mount Dazhi. On its south side is much gold; its trees are mostly paper mulberries and oaks, with no other plants.

Fifty li further east is Mount Quwu; its trees are mostly ju.

Fifty li further east is Mount Shengxiong. Its trees are mostly paper mulberries, with much jade; on top are many feng stones.

Fifty li further east is Mount Dagui. On its south side is much red gold, on its north side many whetstones.

Ten li further east is Mount Zhongjiu, with no plants or trees.

Seventy li to the northeast is Mount Lishi. Its trees are mostly thorns and brambles; on its south side is much yellow gold, on its north side many whetstones. There is a beast here shaped like a leopard with patterned wings, whose voice is like sounding-stones, called the wenbao; it eats people.

One hundred li to the southeast is Mount Qiu. The Qiu River rises on top and runs subterranean below, possessing fine red ochre. Its trees are mostly ju, with many slender reeds; on top is much gold, below much iron.

Two hundred li further east is Mount Chouyang. On top are many chou and ju trees. There is a bird here shaped like a crow with red feet, called the chitu; it can ward off fire.

Three hundred li further east is Mount Ao. On top are many cypresses, niu and jiang; on its south side is much yangfu jade. The Ao River rises here and flows east into the Shi River; in it are many fine shells.

Thirty-five li further east is Mount Fu. Its trees are mostly ju; on top are many feng stones, below much red tin.

One hundred and ten li further east is Mount Yao. On top are many auspicious rong herbs, with much metal and jade.

Three hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Ji. Its trees are mostly you, sandalwood and niu, its herbs mostly fragrant plants. There is a beast here shaped like a boar with a yellow body, a white head and a white tail, called the wenli; when it appears, great panic strikes the state.

In all, the eleventh range of Mount Jing, from Mount Yiwang to Mount Ji, has forty-eight mountains and runs 3,732 li. Their gods all have pig bodies and human faces. In their sacrifice, one ram is offered with a jade disc, buried without grain offerings.

The first peak of the twelfth range of the Central Mountains, the Dongting range, is called Mount Pianyu, with no plants or trees and much yellow gold.

Fifty li to the southeast is Mount Yun (Cloud Mountain), with no plants or trees. It has cinnamon bamboo, extremely poisonous; injuring people causes certain death. On top is much yellow gold, below much iron.

One hundred and thirty li further southeast is Mount Gui (Tortoise Mountain). Its trees are mostly paper mulberries, oaks, chou and ju; on top is much yellow gold, below much dark realgar and white jade.

Seventy li further east is Mount Bing, with many gui bamboos, much yellow gold, copper and iron, but no trees.

Fifty li to the southeast is Mount Fengbo (Wind God Mountain). On top is much metal and jade, below many suan stones, patterned stones and iron; its trees are mostly willows, its herbs mostly garlic chives.

One hundred and fifty li further east is Mount Fufu. On top is much yellow gold, below much dark realgar; its trees are mostly mulberries and paper mulberries, its plants mostly bamboo and jigu.

One hundred and twenty li further southeast is Mount Dongting. On top is much yellow gold, below much silver and iron; its trees are mostly hawthorn, pear, citrus and pomelos; its herbs mostly jian, li, miwu and peonies.

One hundred and eighty li further southeast is Mount Bao. Its trees are mostly palm, nan, thorns, brambles, arrow bamboos and slender reeds; on top is much yellow gold and jade, below many patterned stones and iron.

Two hundred li further southeast is Mount Jigong. On top is much yellow gold, below much tufu jade; its trees are mostly willows, niu, sandalwood and mulberries.

One hundred and fifty-nine li further southeast is Mount Yao. On its north side is much yellow clay, on its south side much yellow gold; its trees are mostly thorns, brambles, willows and sandalwood; on top are many birds and beasts.

One hundred li further southeast is Mount Jiangfu. On top is much silver and whetstone, with no plants or trees; its beasts are mostly boars and deer.

Two hundred li further east is Mount Zhenling. On top is much yellow gold, below much jade; its trees are mostly paper mulberries, oaks, willows and niu; its herbs mostly rong grass.

One hundred and twenty li further southeast is Mount Yangdi, rich in fine copper; its trees are mostly jiang, niu, yan and paper mulberries; its beasts are mostly antelopes and musk deer.

Ninety li to the south is Mount Chaisang. On top is much silver, below much jasper, ling stones and red ochre; its trees are mostly willows, brambles, paper mulberries and mulberries.

Two hundred and thirty li further east is Mount Rongyu. On top is much copper, below much silver; its trees are mostly willows and brambles; its creatures mostly strange serpents and dragons.

In all, the twelfth range of Mount Dongting, from Mount Pianyu to Mount Rongyu, has fifteen mountains and runs 2,800 li. Their gods all have bird bodies and dragon heads. In their sacrifice, one rooster and one pig are buried with one bi disc, cast in without grain offerings.

In all, the record of the Central Mountains contains one hundred and ninety-seven mountains, running 21,371 li.

In all, the famous mountains of the world number five thousand three hundred and seventy, spanning across the earth for sixty-four thousand and fifty-six li.

Yu said: The famed mountains under heaven run through 5,370 mountains, spanning 64,056 li across the earth. Regarding the Five Classic Mountain Ranges, their terrain and waterways produce all myriad creatures.

The above five treatises of the Classic of the Five Mountain Ranges contain in all fifteen thousand five hundred and three words.